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Indus Valley Civilization : Bricks, Drains and Design

Indus Valley’s urban planning : where ancient bricks meet modern cities a 4,000-year-old inspiration: Indus Valley’s legacy

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Indus Valley Civilization, cities , ancient , planning , urban

Over 5,000 years ago, the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) flourished in what is now Pakistan and northwestern India, quietly mastered the blueprint of urban life scripting one of the most remarkable chapters in ancient urban planning. While other civilizations were prominent through pyramids or ziggurats, the Indus people expressed their brilliance through well-planned grid-patterned streets, sophisticated drainage systems, communal baths and standardized bricks. They didn’t leave behind dynasties or grand monuments, but a language of a civilization that thrived in silence and seemingly built for eternity. Long before the words “urban planning” was coined, this civilization had already mastered its essence.

Credits: The Map of Indus Valley Civilization – Credit: Britannica

The Original Urban Planners

The Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan Civilization, thrived between 3300 BCE and 1300 BCE. It reached its zenith during the Mature Harappan Phase (2600 BCE – 1900 BCE), with cities like Early urban creativity is demonstrated by the structures of Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Dholavira, and Lothal. These cities were carefully organized employing a grid pattern with zones set out for residential, commercial, and administrative uses; they weren’t just random groups.

The cities were built with sustainability, purpose, and accuracy. Advanced understanding of geometry and astronomy is indicated by streets that are aligned along cardinal directions and connect at right angles. The focus on traffic flow, ventilation, and accessibility demonstrates a knowledge of spatial efficiency that contemporary planners continue to respect and admire even today.

The structures of Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Dholavira, and Lothal – Credit: Pinterest
 

Standardized Bricks: Building Blocks of Uniformity

One of the most fascinating features of Indus Valley architecture is the use of standardized baked bricks. The ubiquitous use of baked bricks was made using a consistent ratio of 4:2:1 (length: width: height), and were used throughout the civilization for homes, public buildings, drainage channels, and city walls, making them easy to stack and align. This practice ensured integrity of structures as well as aesthetic uniformity. This standardization ensured both structural stability and visual coherence.

Unlike contemporary civilizations that used sun-dried bricks, the Indus Valley preferred fired bricks for their durability. The uniformity in size also implies the existence of centralized control or regulations in construction—a sign of organized governance and skilled craftsmanship.

Indus Valley architecture- city walls- Credit- Themysteriousindia

A Civilization That Thought Through Sanitation

What really distinguished the Indus cities was their advanced sanitation system. All large settlements had a system of covered drains which paralleled the principal streets. These were joined to individual homes, which had private toilets and soak pits. The north-south orientation, and efficient drainage systems appear across major and minor settlements. These were not isolated phenomena, they suggest shared engineering principles and civic priorities.

Efficient drainage systems Credit: Indicportal

Consider Mohenjo-daro, for example. With more than 700 wells and several public baths, it proudly had a sanitation system that even some modern cities cannot match. They built underground drainage- pipes built of fired clay to carry waste water away from the cities. They also built canals and aqua-ducts of over fifty kilometres. The famous “Great Bath,” possibly used for ritual purification, was constructed using watertight bricks and had a sophisticated drainage system. Inspection holes, cesspits, and sloping, gradient-based drainage channels all indicated a thorough knowledge of public sanitation.

Such a commitment to health and cleanliness reflects not only technological progress but also a strong civic awareness.

Mohenjo-daro – The famous “Great Bath,”- Credit- Thehistoryhub

Water Management: Sustainability in the Bronze Age

Water was vital to Indus life. The cities were interspersed with wells, reservoirs, and stepwells, maintaining a constant water supply even in dry spells and seasons. Dholavira, situated in the desert of Gujarat, possessed one of the most sophisticated systems of water conservation. The well-organized system of storm – water drains, prevent water logging and ensured water runoff into the storage system that provided them with a year- round water supply. Dholavira’s water management system comprised built bunds, tanks, small reservoirs, wells and catchment systems. Rainwater was channelled into large tanks by channels, which was further stored in reservoirs or underground cisterns. Rainwater harvesting, bunds, check-dams, and interlinked tanks were prevalent features.

These systems for water management were not merely a matter of survival—it showed foresight and adaptability in the environment. By creating infrastructure that captured and conserved water, the Indus society provided early models of sustainable living.

Dholavira’s water management system ; Reservoir – Credit: Thrillingtravel

Zoning and Functional Design

Urban zoning was another standout feature. The cities were divided into two primary sections:

  • The Citadel: On the western side, a raised, fortified area used for administrative and ceremonial purposes. It housed granaries that were raised and pest-proof, public baths, and possibly residences of elites.
  • The Lower Town: On the eastern side, a residential zone with houses of commoners built along a structured grid. These homes often had private wells, toilets, workshops and courtyards. In the centre there was a market place a display of systematic town planning. 

Lothal, one of the southernmost cities, even featured one of the world’s earliest known dockyards, stands as evidence of maritime trade. The presence of bead-making workshops, fire altars, and shell factories in selected areas indicates early examples of commercial, connections to ancient trade routes and industrial zoning.

The Citadel and Lower Town- Credit: Stuidapp
Lothal Dockyard- Credit: Pinterest

Architectural Ingenuity: Form and Function

Residential blocks and areas were separated from trade and craft areas. The main doors and windows of the houses opened on the side narrow street and not on the main -street. Indus homes varied in size but followed a similar structure layout of a central courtyard, rooms arranged around it, and access to water and drainage. Multi-storey structures, internal staircases, and ventilated rooms suggest an understanding of vertical space and airflow. Floors were usually made of hard packed earth.

Materials like gypsum mortar and bitumen were used to waterproof structures, especially public baths and drainage systems. The walls were thick, often made of mud bricks or stone, ensuring insulation. Roofs were constructed with wooden beams covered in reeds and clay.

This indicated a sophisticated understanding of spatial organization, the civilization’s architectural foresight and the value placed on both comfort and resilience.

Town structure layout – Credit: Pickytop

Cultural Unity in Design

As extensive as Indus cities were geographically—stretching from modern-day Afghanistan to Maharashtra—these cities had an impressive uniformity in planning and design. This points to a common cultural ideal and perhaps a unified planning authority. Even artistic representations such as seals, pottery, and figurines sustained stylistic unity.

Even though their script is still undeciphered, the material language of their cities tells a silent tale of unity, discipline, and civic pride.

Seals, pottery, weights, and figurines exhibit stylistic similarity and production processes across sites, reflecting centralized aesthetic values and economic dependence.

There is symbolic Cohesion in the mysterious script and repeating motifs. These indicate not only common language, but common belief systems or cultural signifiers. This is highly significant because. this design cohesion wasn’t simply practical, it was ideological. It demonstrates that the Indus people probably cared for egalitarian order, civic engagement, and long-term sustainability.

The Legacy Lives On

The innovations of the Indus Valley Civilization didn’t vanish with its decline. Many of its principles found echoes in later Indian empires:

  • Mauryan and Gupta urban centres like Pataliputra adopted and incorporated features like grid layouts, brick construction, and water management systems. It is possibly inspired the constructions and layout of the city. The Mauryan and Gupta Empires have developed ideas from the expertise of this civilization and created their own unique architectural styles.
  • Modern Indian cities like Chandigarh and Jaipur were also planned using grid systems, with zoning principles of separation of commercial and residential areas derived from ancient practices.
  • Sustainable building and sanitation models today incorporate the eco-consciousness and civic-mindedness pioneered by the Harappans.

Relevance in the 21st Century

In an era of change and rapid urbanization, the Indus Valley offers timeless lessons. Its emphasis on sustainability, hygiene, and thoughtful design shows how ancient cities can guide future urban development.

  • Climate-Responsive Architecture: Thick walls, natural ventilation, appropriate building material and raised platforms help in temperature control.
  • Walkable Urban Layouts: Well-planned compact, pedestrian-friendly streets reduce reliance on vehicles.
  • Integrated Water Systems: The use of wells, check-dams, drains, channels directed rainwater into large storage tanks and rainwater harvesting supports water resilience and replenish available groundwater.

Cities today can take cues from the Indus Valley to build not just “smart”, but sensible cities that prioritize both people and the eco-system.

Conclusion: A Civilization Etched in Stone

The Indus Valley Civilization wasn’t just a cluster of ancient cities, left in ruins; it was an idea. An idea that urban life could be clean, efficient, hygienic, sustainable, and inclusive. It was also a proof of evolution and progress of urban societies, the complexities of human history, the development of human race, and the incredible accomplishments of our ancestors. Through their bricks, they built strength; through their drains, they ensured health; through their design, they crafted legacy. They initiated the idea of harmony between people, space, time and nature

Even in their silence—with no deciphered texts or grand monuments—the Indus people have spoken louder than most. Their work and life through their fingerprints are still etched into the core of our cities.

Their cities whisper stories through ruins, inciting modern minds to learn from ancient wisdom.

Indeed, the legacy of bricks, drains, and design from the Indus Valley continues to shape how we think about living, building, and thriving together.

Check out our previous article here! – The Pallava Dynasty

Vistas of Bharat : Indian Culture

The Robin Hood of the Ravi

From Sugar rebellion to Lohri flames, Dulla’s Land in Punjab defied Mughal might, echoing heritage and resistance.

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Lohri, Punjab, Sugar, Dulla, Rebellion

Lohri ties and connects history folk lore and cultural tradition. In winter, when bonfires light up in North India, the scent of til (sesame seeds) and gur (jaggery) fills the air, along with smoke. Punjabi’s and children chant the folk song “sundar mundariye ho!” Most consider Lohri as a celebration of harvest and warmth. It seems simple with songs, popcorn, groundnuts and light hearted festivity celebrated at night.  Lohri carries a second quieter layer to it. A tale of defiance, power, land and rebellion is at the route of it all.  It is a farmers Revolt that shook an Empire.

Rai Abdullah Khan Bhatti, as people only remember as Dulla Bhatti and therefore is called Robin Hood of the Ravi. A farmer’s son who defined an Emperor. The Mughal ruler considered him as a bandit, but rural Punjab made him a folk Hero –  a saviour. He dared to challenge the emperor Akbar’s oppressive land revenue system.

The revenue tax that ignited and turned into a rebellion.

In the 16th century, Akbar’s finance minister Raja Todar Mal introduced the “Zabt or the Dasala system“. On records it seemed very fair and orderly. It was suffocating, crushing and burdensome for farmers in the practical sense. This tax system left farmers impoverished, because they had to pay it in cash. It was based on a ten- year average produce. It was one third of the farmer’s revenue in cash. This was mainly considered on the fertile plains of “Sandal Bar” which is between the river Ravi and Chenab. 

Dulla’s father and grandfather resisted this tax system.  As a punishment they faced execution. Though it was supposed to serve as a stern warning for the others, it triggered something else.  This did not serve as a grim warning but rather the rebellion began because of this.

Young Dulla grew up amidst stories of vengeance, justice and a sacred right to till one land freely. Dulla perceived the incident as a force that had killed his kin and claimed his land. He collected some people and started a Guerrilla Army that struck at Mughal caravans and Treasures. It became a full-fledged peasant insurgency. Farmers and outlaws began ambushing Mughal convoys. The plundered goods, grain, Sugar, supplies and cash moving between Delhi, Lahore and Kabul. These acts weakened the Mughal control over Punjab countryside.

A true hero

Dulla was known as “the Robin Hood of Punjab” as he Redistributed the loot among the farmers and the poor.  According to the court of law he was a criminal, a dacoit, or a trouble- maker.  According to the common people, he was a saviour- their “Sher- e Punjab” – a lion that guarded their dignity.

The emperor therefore lost control on the countryside as Dulla enriched the impoverished people with the looted Treasure. Ultimately Akbar was forced to move his capital to Lahore to keep rebellious Punjab and Dulla’s uprising under a watch. Dulla was indeed a local justice.

Sundar and Munder- the Legend in song “Lohri chorus”, Echoes of Dulla Bhatti’s bravery. The folktale of Sundar and Munder. Mughal officers harassed these two orphaned sisters. They wanted to abduct the sisters for the Harem or slavery. Dulla rescued them, arranged their marriages and stood as symbolic as their fathers. He did not have riches to give them ad dowry. He gave them one kilogram (a ser) of sugar as dowry. This explains the still famous humble but significant ‘Lohri offerings’ of jaggery and til (Sesame seeds). 

Lohri’s traditional offerings of jaggery and sesame seeds stands as a code of rebellion, sugar for dowry, shawls for hardships and bonfires for sacrifice. This is to remember the two sisters and the saving Grace they got from Dulla. In the sweet exchange of offerings there is bitter oppression at its roots. Singing these folk songs somehow retell the story of Dulla’s defiance.

Dulla met a Treacherous and betrayed end.

He was captured and executed in Lahore around the time of 1599. A Sufi poet Shah Hussain’s words “No honourable son of Punjab will ever sell the soil of Punjab“describes him best. Dulla Bhatti’s remains are in a Grave that is unmarked, unadorned and quiet in Miani Saheb cemetery.

The month of January brings back memories of this great Savior. He turned rebellion into Rhythm and harvest songs into history. Every Flame of Lohri rekindles his spirit, refreshes the memory of that one man who stood up for his land and people. Dulla subtly reigns forever in Spirit and in the people’s memory, in Punjab. He warms every winter night with the memory of his courage that turned it into the song.

The girls that he saved from probable slave markets and imperial Harem are remembered. The modest, yet deeply symbolic offering of the ser of sugar as a dowry- an ingredient that is common in everyday life and is used in every home represented an act of solidarity.

The verse “Dulla Bhatti wala Ho!” directly names the hero and sings praise of his resistance protection and shared joy. Through this, a community immortalised both in language of song and sugar.  He restores a balance, a social bandit who has become a saviour.

An Invitation to celebrate, reminisce and pay respect

Lohri is the festival anchored in the story of Dulla Bhatti, seasonal change and agrarian cycle. It links it to justice, land and the protection of the vulnerable. Each time we notice a bonfire, regard that brave farmer’s son who ‘stood his ground’ to ‘till his ground’. Every time we hear of a humble dowry, remember the emotions behind it are much greater. Each piece of Gur (jaggery) or til (sesame seeds) reiterates the tale of a common man who turned grief into courage, and courage into song. We can follow these folk songs back through smoke and time, learn our lessons and overcome our oppressions. We could unlock a whole new world of inspirations from some of these unsung heroes.

Check out our latest article Echoes of Tradition: Art That Thrived Offline here!

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HeARTful Living

Why Indians are Facing Burnout and Don’t Know It

We call it dedication. Our bodies call it a breakdown. Here is why we’re hitting a wall called burnout we can’t even see.

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Burnout, work, week, stress, decision

Burnout has become the epidemic of our time. People around the world (especially in urban areas) are currently undergoing emotional depletion due to the high levels of job and family pressures from long work hours. Several studies show that burnout is related to poor mental health, so anything that contributes to high levels of daily stress will eventually lead to burnout, especially if people don’t know how to recognise and deal with it. Additionally, many people have experienced difficulty concentrating or staying focused on tasks due to these feelings. The word “burnout” is not recognised in many cultures; therefore, the symptoms and consequences of burnout will continue to go unrecognised and unacknowledged.

Why We’re Blind to the Burn

Since we were raised in a society where hustling and working hard have been instilled in us since kindergarten, and we are taught not to take time to rest because it is seen as a sign of laziness, it creates a mode of being hyper-vigilant. Our minds are always on the lookout for something that will threaten us – an angry boss, a missed EMI payment, or a disappointed parent. Because of this way of living for so long, we do not realise how burnt out we really are. Instead, we take being exceptionally tired as a regular part of adulthood in India.

Being constantly connected to everyone through WhatsApp. In many countries, your house is usually a place of comfort and rest. In India, however, you are connected to everyone through the same medium of WhatsApp: your work, your bosses, your aunts and uncles, your friends from school, everyone! There is no escape from this digital world where everyone is trying to reach you.

The Science of Why You’re “Glitching”

Fatigue is not just a state of mind but the result of the body’s physiological condition. Constant stress causes an interruption in the production of serotonin (the “happy” chemical) and results in cortisol being released into your brain.

This can cause the brain’s prefrontal cortex (the area in charge of decision making) to fail, leading to “decision fatigue.” Do you remember times when making even a simple decision, like whether to order daal or sabzi, made you emotional? It is not that you were overreacting; instead, your brain had reached its limit in terms of decision-making ability.

Minor Fixes for a Heavy Life

You don’t need a three-week vacation in Bali to fix this (though that would be nice). You need “micro-interventions.”

1. The “Nothing” Minute

Set a timer for 60 seconds. Sit. Don’t check your phone. Don’t plan dinner. Just feel your feet on the floor. This tiny “buffer” tells your nervous system that, for one minute, you are safe.

2. Sunday Night Reality Check

Instead of scrolling through reels until 1:00 AM, ask yourself: What drained my battery this week? If it was a specific meeting or a particular person, plan a “protection” for next week. Perhaps that means keeping your camera off during the meeting or refraining from checking your phone for an hour after the call.

3. The Digital Sunset

We are the only generation in history that takes its “stressors” (phones) to bed. Try a “Digital Sunset” at 9:30 PM. Put the phone in a drawer. Read a physical book or talk to your family. It sounds old-school because it works.

The Bottom Line

Rest isn’t a reward for hard work. It’s the fuel that makes the work possible. We need to stop acting like being “exhausted” is a badge of honour. It’s okay to say, “I’m burnt out.” Once you name it, you can actually start to fix it.

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Vistas of Bharat : Indian Culture

Echoes of Tradition: Art That Thrived Offline

Tradition and ritual flow through paintings, living art that binds community across generations in harmony.

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Traditions , rituals, painting, living , art

India’s living heritage has roots of resilience. Across centuries, India’s artistic traditions have flourished in offline ecosystems of family, community, and culture. These crafts and rituals, whether embroidery, painting, metalwork, or storytelling, carry within them the essence of resilience, creativity, and devotion. They thrived long before the age of social media. This proves that true artistry does not depend on online validation. It depends on the passion and dedication of artisans and communities.

These skills have weathered challenges being handed down through generations. They continued to thrive, each stitch, motif, and ritual a living testimony to India’s cultural legacy. Together, they form a mosaic of heritage. It is not only exquisite in its diversity but also enduring in its contribution to the nation’s identity.

Living Legacies: Indian Folk Art Traditions

Rogan Art from Kutch, Gujarat is an exquisite oil-based painting on cloth. Rogan Art uses castor oil and pigment paste to create intricate designs. For over 300–400 years, the Khatri family of Nirona has safeguarded this tradition. It once adorned ghagras, bridal fabrics, and wall hangings. Today, its artistry extends to diverse objects, thriving through the patronage of communities and tourists.

Pichai Paintings from Rajasthan & Gujarat is originally temple backdrops. Pichai paintings depict Krishna as Srinathji. These sacred cloths were integral to daily and seasonal rituals at Vaishnava shrines. It sustained within temple ecosystems and pilgrimage networks. The art remains a devotional expression of faith and lineage.

Warli Paintings from Maharashtra is born from tribal traditions. Warli paintings employ a pictographic style, of white pigment on red or ochre mud walls. With simple human and animal forms, they narrate community life of sowing, harvesting, marriage, and rituals. It is preserved orally and visually, and continue to be passed down through generations.

Pattachitra from Odisha & Bengal is a vibrant scroll paintings crafted with mineral and vegetable colours. It is sealed with lacquer. Pattachitra narrates epics and Jagannath stories. It is painted on cloth or palm leaves. These works by ‘Chitrakars’ have survived through temple commissions, village fairs, and itinerant storytelling, keeping myth and memory alive. This highlights the continuity, cultural roots, and survival networks of each art form.

Echoes of Craft: Naga & Dhokra Traditions

Naga handicrafts from Nagaland are intricate creations in wood, cane, bamboo, jewellery, and textiles. Naga handicrafts embody the material culture of the tribes. They once served daily needs, ritual displays, and even head‑hunting era status symbols. These works survived centuries of isolation and minimal outside visibility. Today, they stand as living testaments to resilience and artistry.

Dhokra Metal Casting from Central & Eastern India is a pre‑industrial marvel. Dhokra is the ancient lost‑wax technique of metal casting. Artisans shape figures, jewellery, utility objects, and ritual pieces with timeless precision. It is passed down through nomadic and settled communities. This lineage has endured for centuries, long before modern metallurgy. This preserves a craft that bridges utility, ritual, and art. This proves the cultural depth, survival stories, and artistry of both traditions.

Threads of Tradition: Kantha, Bandhani & Patola

Kantha from West Bengal is born from thrift and creativity. Kantha embroidery uses simple running stitches to fill motifs on layered old sarees, quilted together into vibrant textiles. It was once crafted mainly for family use. This domestic tradition was lovingly passed down from mother to daughter. It remained anonymous for centuries. Kantha has now stepped into the spotlight as a celebrated design trend.

Bandhani & Patola from Gujarat and Rajasthan are centuries‑old textile arts. Their presence is evident in medieval paintings and texts. Bandhani’s tie‑and‑dye precision and Patola’s double‑ikat mastery flourished within karkhana household systems. Local communities specialized in these crafts. It was sustained through lineage and devotion; they continue to thrive today as living symbols of India’s textile heritage.

This shows the intimacy of Kantha’s domestic roots and the community‑driven resilience of Bandhani and Patola.

Skills, Rituals & Art: Sacred Echoes of Tradition

Mata ni Pachedi from Gujarat is a vibrant textile art depicting the Mother Goddess. Mata ni Pachedi is painted on red cotton backgrounds using natural dyes and pigments. Nomadic Vaghris communities created these portable shrines as temples for ritual worship. Skilled artisans have kept these sacred tradition alive, portraying goddesses in diverse forms and mythological scenes.

Tholapavakoothu from Kerala is ‘Shadow leather puppetry’, or Tholapavakoothu, is a dramatic art form performed in temples to narrate mythological tales. It is rooted in ritual storytelling. Dedicated families and the Pulaya community of Palghat preserve this craft.  They have passed the craft down through generations as a living cultural heritage.

Madhubani / Mithila Painting from Bihar and Nepal Region is created by women on mud walls and floors. They use rice paste and natural pigments. Madhubani paintings depict motifs tied to ritual functions and community life. It is transmitted within families. This art form embodies devotion, storytelling, and the continuity of tradition across centuries.

Manjusha Art from Bihar originated in the 7th century. Manjusha is a folk art deeply connected to the legend of ‘Bihula–Bishahari’. It is a tale of love, sacrifice, and devotion, that is practiced with vibrant colours. The Kumbhakar community crafted ritual boxes while the Malakar community painted them. Though it once was on the verge of decline, government initiatives and local artisans revived it. This ensured its survival as a cultural treasure.

Timeless Threads of Tradition

Tradition carries a quiet yet profound power. It is woven through communities, families, and generations. Each art form is a testament to human creativity, resilience, and devotion. They thrived long before the age of Instagram or social media. These skills remind us that true artistry does not seek virtual applause. It flourishes through lived experience, ritual, and shared memory.

Let us support, cherish, and celebrate these crafts—not just as heritage, but as living inspirations. Since they continue to enrich our lives. By reading, learning, and engaging with them, we become part of their story, ensuring they shine for generations to come.

Check out the article Wisdom of the Heart: Emotional Intelligence in Indian Traditions here!

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Vistas of Bharat : Indian Culture

Art & Culture 2025: A Year in Review

Year 2025: Indian State heritage art shines with discoveries, celebrating World culture under UNESCO’s timeless vision.

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Art , 2025 , review , culture , UNESCO , Heritage

The year 2025 was vibrant in the field of art and culture. This compilation throws light on all the significant events that have happened during the year. Every domain has had some kind of interesting discoveries, inventions or some new initiatives. This changed the course of history forever and will shape the future differently, for the future generations.

Creative Currents and Coins

The Government of India (RBI) has released a commemorative coin of ₹ 100 denomination on 13 September. This is to mark the birth centenary of the Assamese singer ‘Dr. Bhupen Hazarika’. 103 inscribed gold coins from the Vijayanagara era have been discovered. This was at a Chola-era Shiva temple in Kovilur village, Tiruvannamalai district, Tamil Nadu. This discovery sheds light on the temple construction activities during the reign of Vijayanagara emperor Krishnadevaraya.

The world’s first ‘Ramayana Wax Museum’ is now in Ayodhya Uttar Pradesh. Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the 32-feet tall monument based on Lord Shri Krishna’s divine conch ‘Panchjanya’ in Kurukshetra, Haryana. In August, Lok Sabha Speaker Om Birla announced that the House would have translation facilities available for all 22 languages. These are listed in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution. 18 languages are already supported. In addition to it, Kashmiri, Konkani, and Santali have now been included. This makes it possible to translate proceedings into a total of 22 languages.

Festivals and Culture Chronicles

The ‘20th International Tipitaka Chanting Ceremony’ was held in Bodh Gaya, Bihar. In August, Maharashtra state government officially declared the public Ganeshotsav as a State Festival. In September, the annual Mela ‘Patt Mahotsav’ began in Bhaderwah, Jammu & Kashmir. Also, Telangana state set two new Guinness World Records during the ‘Bathukamma festival’. Andhra Pradesh has announced the declaration of the four-century-old chariot procession ‘Jagganna Thota Prabhala Teertham’ as a State Festival. The festival of Dipavali was included in the ‘UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity’.

‘HYD 2025’ A two- day art festival in Hyderabad showcased works of Indian masters. This was including MF Hussain and S. H Raza, documentaries on lost art forms, and workshops, plus the Keerthanam tribute to Telugu legends. It also covered the inauguration by filmmaker Sekhar Kammula, describing it as Hyderabad’s largest curated art showcase with 200+ artists.

Pratibha Academy Exhibition (Bengaluru, Dec 2025): Covered by The Hindu in the article “Exhibition showcases bold strokes by deft young hands of Bengaluru’s Pratibha Academy” (December 19, 2025). Hosted at the Indian Institute of World Culture, featuring 60 students and 100 artworks themed on Karnataka’s cultural aspect.

Historically significant events

Indias space achievements- ISRO successfully launched the CMS 03 communication satellite and the NISAR Earth observation satellite. India has growing space capabilities. Gaganyaan Mission ISRO conducted a key integrated Main Parachute Airdrop test for the Gaganyaan mission.

The Story where Monuments – Create History

The Taj Mahal, Agra is the most visited monument by domestic tourists in 2024-25 as per ‘India’s Heritage Footfall Ranking 2024-25’. UNESCO officially included the Indian city of Lucknow in its Creative Cities Network (UCCN) as a “City of Gastronomy”. India has submitted a dossier for listing Sarnath, the ancient Buddhist site at the UNESCO World Heritage Centre for the 2025-26 nomination cycle.

The Central Ministry of Rural Development organized ‘The Saras Livelihood Fair-2025’ from September 5 to 22, 2025. It was held at the Major Dhyan Chand National Stadium in New Delhi. The theme “Making of Lakhpati Didis – Empowering rural, women to become successful entrepreneurs and champions of Vocal for Local”. The Minister of State for Tribal Affairs Durgadas Uikey launched the world’s first digital tribal university- ‘Adi Sanskriti’. The Union Minister Manohar Lal launched ‘Bharat Bodh Kendra’ in May 2025 in New Delhi. Kalagram and Mahakumbh Cultural Village in Prayagraj is now well-known, where a 635-foot-wide entrance was created.

Recognition of Creative Brilliance

Premchandra Pukhrambam has been awarded the prestigious Lalit Kala Akademi Award 2025. for ‘Made Me Change’ (Wood Sculpture)’. The book “Ek Batey Bara’ has been awarded the prestigious Sahitya Akademi Children’s Literature Award 2025. This is in Hindi language and, its author is Sushil Shukla. Veteran Malayalam actor Mohanlal was honoured with the Dadasaheb Phalke Award at the 71st National Film Awards 2025, held in New Delhi.

The year 2025 is significant for Vande Mataram because it marks the anniversary of India’s national song. It was first published by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. This milestone has sparked nationwide celebrations, political debates, and global cultural tributes. This reaffirms the song’s enduring role in India’s identity and unity. In sports there was an achievement, where the Indian Women’s Cricket team won the World Cup. It is a historical victory, which was celebrated all through the country.

In November, a statue of Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar, has been installed at the headquarters of UNESCO international organization. He was the architect of the Indian Constitution.  In October, President Droupadi Murmu visited the Sabarimala Ayyappa Temple located in Kerala state, becoming the first woman President of India to do so. In November, Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated India’s first Digital Tribal Freedom Fighters Museum at Raipur, Chhattisgarh.

Artistic Echoes – Pride and prestige

‘Tirumala Hills and Erra Matti Dibbalu’ of Andhra Pradeah state, have been included in UNESCO’s Tentative List. India’s Maratha Military Landscape (2025), comprising 11 forts in Maharashtra and one in Tamil Nadu, was inscribed in July 2025. This became India’s 44th UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Madhubani painting was gifted by India’s Defence Minister to his Chinese counterpart during the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) meeting.

Warship ‘Mahe’ (Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft – ASW-SWC) – The manufacturer is Cochin Shipyard Limited (CSL), Kochi. The emblem features the “Urumi” sword, associated with the ancient martial art of Kalaripayattu from Kerala. The motto of the ship is “Silent Hunters”.

Excavations and discoveries

In October, archaeologists identified Kotada Bhadli in Kutch, Gujarat, as a Harappan site with evidence of being the world’s earliest ‘caravanserai’ (travellers’ inn), dating back to 2300–1900 BCE. The sacred relics of Lord Buddha being sent to Kalmykia, Russia, were originally excavated from Piprahwa. This is an ancient site in Uttar Pradesh.

A rare 15th century lamp was found from the Antapadmanabha temple located in the state of Karnataka. In September, Prime Minister, Narendra Modi inaugurated the 524-year-old Tripura Sundari Temple in Udaipur, Gomati district, Tripura. This temple is one of the 51 Shakti Peethas of India, which makes it extremely significant religiously and culturally. This redevelopment project work was carried out under the central government’s ‘PRASAD’ scheme (Pilgrimage Rejuvenation and Spiritual, Heritage Augmentation Drive).

The ‘Maski Rock Edict’ is historically important because it was the first inscription to explicitly mention Emperor Ashoka by name. It gained renewed significance due to fresh archaeological discoveries in Maski that revealed a 4,000-year-old settlement, reshaping our understanding of the site’s layered heritage. An IIT Kanpur team discovered traces of 2000 year old buried Buddhist -stupas and structural remains in Yamuna Nagar Haryana.

2025 was nothing short of a cultural crusade

It had coins that honour legends and festivals that broke records. Some monuments entered UNESCO’s Hall of fame, and discoveries rewrote history. This article gathers them all into one narrative. It covers from the unveiling of India’s first Ramayana Wax Museum to new discoveries at the Maski site around Ashoka’s rock edict. It also celebrates the anniversary of Vande Mataram. It’s a journey through art, heritage, and imagination that shows how tradition and innovation were together this year. Relive the triumphs, treasures, and turning points that made 2025 unforgettable. This is the story you don’t want to miss.

Check out the article “Wisdom of the Heart: Emotional Intelligence in Indian Traditions”

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HeARTful Living

Why Being a Creative in India is Emotionally Expensive

Understand the struggles and depths of being a creative, especially in India!

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Creative, India , Artist. Expression , Life

Being a creative in India is often romanticised: the imagined life of a free-spirited artist, the joy of self-expression and the thrill of “doing what you love.” But behind evocative art, soulful music, thoughtful writing and innovative design lies a less discussed reality— the emotional cost of choosing creativity as a vocation or identity in a society that still prizes conventional security over artistic exploration.

   In this article, we unpack the emotional terrain that creatives in India must navigate— examining pressures, sacrifices, internal conflicts and societal expectations that shape a deeply personal yet collective experience.

The Pressure to Conform: Tradition v/s Passion

In India’s social fabric, careers in engineering, medicine, law and business are so often considered the safest routes to stability, respect and familial pride. Creative fields like writing, painting, filmmaking, dance, theatre, music are still frequently seen as hobbies rather than viable professions.

   This societal lens creates early pressure for many:

  • Dismissal of creative pursuits as impractical.
  • Family expectations of “real jobs”
  • Comments like “art won’t pay bills” or “do it as a side thing.”

Such attitudes can erode self-belief and make creatives constantly feel they must justify their choices emotionally and financially.

Emotional Labour Beyond Art

Creativity demands vulnerability, dredging up feelings, experiences, fears and contradictions to create something meaningful. But emotional labour isn’t confined to artistic process, it extends to:

  • Selling and promoting your work.
  • Networking in socially competitive spaces.
  • Facing constant comparison.
  • Managing criticism, feedback and rejection.

   Every creative endeavour comes with self-doubt and in an environment where practical success  narrowly defined, this self-doubt can deepen into anxiety, burnout or even identity crisis.

Financial Instability: Anxiety in the Unknown

Financial insecurity is a tangible stressor:

  • Irregular income streams.
  • Freelancing without safeguards.
  • Low pay for creative work in early stages.
  • Reluctance of brands and institutions to fairly value artistic labour.

Unlike structured jobs with fixed pay, creatives often juggle multiple gigs, side hustles and uncertain project fees. This uncertainty not only affects lifestyle but also emotional well-being, leading to chronic stress and exhaustion.

Loneliness and the Myth of the “Struggling Artist”

Creatives, especially writers, painters and digital artists can find themselves working in isolation. While solitude can be productive, prolonged social disconnection may lead to:

  • Feelings of inadequacy.
  • Lack of peer support.
  • Difficulty separating self-worth from output.

   This stereotype of the “solitary creative genius” compounds these emotions, making it harder to seek connection or support when stress intensifies.

Recognition and Validation: The Waiting Game

In a populous nation with rising access to digital platforms, the competition for attention is fierce. Even high-quality work can go unnoticed amid noise. Creatives often grapple with:

  • Waiting years for recognition.
  • Algorithm visibility dictating worth.
  • Comparisons with peers who “made it” faster.

This emotional rollercoaster can lead to imposter syndrome, chronic impatience or identity loss— feeling that if success doesn’t arrive, the work somehow lacks value.

Navigating Family, Society and Identity

India’s closely knit family systems are both a support and a pressure point. Families may love and encourage creative expression but still push for safety nets:

  • “Do your art but finish your degree first”
  • “Get a job and then think of art”
  • We’ll support your creativity if you’re financially secure.”

This conditional encouragement can leave creatives stuck between love and obligation, leading to guilt, internal conflict or a sense of divided identity.

Coping Strategies: How Creatives Stay Grounded

Despite these emotional costs, many creatives find ways to sustain themselves, both artistically and mentally:

Community and Connection

Finding peers, collaborators or mentors who understand the emotional load helps us reduce isolation.

Structured routines 

Balancing creative work with daily stable routines builds psychological safety.

Reframing Failure 

Seeking rejection as a part of growth, not a verdict on worth, helps preserve resilience.

Emotional Awareness 

Being mindful of emotional highs and lows and seeking therapy, support groups or creative circles when needed, builds emotional strength.

Redefining Success in India’s Creative Landscape

Success for a creative person in India can no longer be measured solely by fame or financial reward. Instead, meaningful measures include:

  • Sustainable creative practices 
  • Emotional well-being.
  • A community that values work over stereotypes.
  • Authentic self-expression.

As India’s cultural industries evolve, through digital platforms, indie publishing, online galleries, film festivals and art residencies, there’s an expanding space to honor creative work and emotional integrity.

   Being a creative in India is emotionally demanding, marked by societal expectation, financial uncertainty, persistent self-evaluation and the pain and joy of translating inner life into outer expression. Yet for many, the emotional cost is interwoven with profound fulfilment, an identity rooted in truth, purpose and connection.

   Amid challenges, the growing community of Indian creatives is reshaping narratives, carving spaces and redefining what it means to live and thrive as an artist.

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